Publications

Findings from the NLLFS are published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Below are the NLLFS publications to date, with the most recent articles listed first. E-publication is available to be read online or via a PDF download.

Articles

Koh, A.S., Bos, H.M.W., Rothblum, E.D., Carone, N., & Gartrell, N.K. (2023). Donor Sibling Relations Among Adult Offspring Conceived via Insemination by Lesbian Parents, Human Reproduction, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dead175

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Rothblum, E.D., Bos, H.M.W., Carone, N., Koh, A.S., & Gartrell, N.K. (2023). Adults Conceived via Donor Insemination by Lesbian Parents Reflect on Their Own Future Parenting Plans (and Their Own Parents Reflect on Being Grandparents), LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal, https://doi.org/10.1080/27703371.2023.2254270

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Koh, A.S., Rothblum, E.D., Bos, H.M.W., Carone, N., & Gartrell, N.K. (2023). Sperm Donor Relations Among Adult Offspring Conceived via Insemination by Lesbian Parents, Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2023.2227867

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Bos, H.M.W., Carone, N., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A.S., Gartrell, N.K. (2023). Long-term Effects of Family Resilience on the Subjective Well-being of Offspring in the National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6): 5149. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph20065149

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Carone, N., Gartrell, N.K., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A.S., Bos, H.M.W. (2022). Helicopter Parenting, Emotional Avoidant Coping, Mental Health, and Homophobic Stigmatization Among Emerging Adult Offspring of Lesbian Parents, Journal of Family Psychology, 36(7), 1205–1215. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001020

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Everett, B.G., Bos, H., Carone, N., Gartrell, N., & Hughes, T.L. (2022) Examining Differences in Alcohol and Smoking Behaviors between Parenting and Nonparenting Lesbian Women, Substance Use & Misuse, 57(9), 1442–1449. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2022.2091145

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Zarr, S., Carone, N., Gartrell, N.K., Koh, A.S., & Bos, H.M.W. (2022). Concerns of emerging adults who were born and raised in planned lesbian-parent families, Children and Youth Services Review, 136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106430

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Carone, N., Gartrell, N.K., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A.S., & Bos, H.M.W. (2021) The Stability of Psychological Adjustment Among Donor-conceived Offspring in the U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study from Childhood to Adulthood: Differences by Donor Type, Fertility and Sterility, 115(5), 1302–1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.12.012

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Bos, H., Carone, N., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A., Gartrell, N. (2021) Long-Term Effects of Homophobic Stigmatization During Adolescence on Problem Behavior in Emerging Adult Offspring of Lesbian Parents, Journal of Youth and Adolescence.

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Gartrell, N. (2021) Overview of the 35-year U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family and Its 92% Retention Rate, Journal of GLBT Family Studies.

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Koh, A., van Geusekom, G., Gartrell, N., & Bos, H. (2020) Adult Offspring of Lesbian Parents: How Do They Relate to Their Sperm Donors? Fertility and Sterility.

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Bos, H., Koh, A.S., Van Beusekom, G., Rothblum, E.D., Gartrell, N. (2019) Meaning in Life as a Moderator between Homophobic Stigmatization and Coping Styles in Adult Offspring from Planned Lesbian-Parent Families, Sexuality Research and Social Policy.

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Gartrell, N., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A.S., Van Beusekom, G., & Bos, H. (2019) "We Were Among the First Non-traditional Families": Thematic Perceptions of Lesbian Parenting After 25 Years, Frontiers in Psychology.

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Gartrell, N., Bos, H., & Koh, A. (2019) Sexual Attraction, Sexual Identity, and Same-sex Sexual Experiences of Adult Offspring in the US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study, Archives of Sexual Behavior.

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Koh, A., Bos, H., & Gartrell, N. (2019) Predictors of Mental Health in Emerging Adult Offspring of Lesbian-parent Families, Journal of Lesbian Studies.

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Gartrell, N., Bos, H., & Koh, A. (2018) National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study—Mental Health of Adult Offspring, New England Journal of Medicine.

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Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., Goldberg, N.G., Deck, A., & van Gelderen, L. (2015) Satisfaction with Known, Open-Identity, or Unknown Sperm Donors: Reports from Lesbian Mothers of 17-year-old Adolescents, Fertility and Sterility.

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van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., & Hermanns, J. (2013) Stigmatization and Promotive Factors in Relation to Psychological Health and Life Satisfaction of Adolescents in Planned Lesbian Families, Journal of Family Issues, 34, 809-827. doi: 10.1177/0192513X12447269.

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Bos, H.M.W., Gartrell, N., & van Gelderen, L. (2013) Adolescents in Lesbian Families: DSM-Oriented Scale Scores and Stigmatization, Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 25:2, 121-140.

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Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., Peyser, H., et al. (2012) Adolescents with Lesbian Mothers Describe Their Own Lives. Journal of Homosexuality, 59:9, 1211-1229.

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Bos, H.M.W., Goldberg, N., van Gelderen, L., & Gartrell, N. (2012) Male Role Models, Gender Role Traits, and Psychological Adjustment. Gender & Society. DOI: 10.1177/0891243212445465.

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van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., et al. (2012) Stigmatization associated with growing up in a lesbian-parented family: What do adolescents experience and how do they deal with it? Children and Youth Services Review. DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.048.

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van Gelderen, L., Bos, H.M.W., Gartrell, N., et al. (2012) Quality of Life of Adolescents Raised from Birth by Lesbian Mothers. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 33(1):1-7.

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Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., & Goldberg, N. (2011) New Trends in Same-Sex Sexual Contact for American Adolescents? Archives of Sexual Behavior. DOI 10.1007/s10508-011-9883-5.

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Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., Peyser, H., et al. (2011) Family Characteristics, Custody Arrangements, and Adolescent Psychological Well-being after Lesbian Mothers Break Up. Family Relations. 60:572-585. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00667.x.

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Goldberg, N.G., Bos, H.M.W., & Gartrell, N. (2011) Substance use by adolescents of the USA national longitudinal lesbian family study. Journal of Health Psychology. doi:10.1177/1359105311403522.

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Bos, H.M.W., & Gartrell, N. (2011) Adolescents of the USA National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Can Family Characteristics Counteract the Negative Effects of Stigmatization? Family Process. 49:559–572.

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Bos, H.M.W. & Gartrell, N. (2010) Adolescents of the US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: the impact of having a known or an unknown donor on the stability of psychological adjustment. Human Reproduction. doi:10.1093/humrep/deq359.

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Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., & Goldberg, N. (2010) Adolescents of the U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Sexual Orientation, Sexual Behavior, and Sexual Risk Exposure. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9692-210.1007/s.

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Gartrell, N., & Bos, H.M.W. (2010) US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Psychological Adjustment of 17-Year-Old Adolescents. Pediatrics. 126(1):1-9.

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van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., et al. (2009) Stigmatization and resilience in adolescent children of lesbian mothers. Journal of GLBT Family Studies. 5(3):268-279.

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Bos, H.M.W., Gartrell, N., Peyser H., et al. (2008) The USA national longitudinal lesbian family study: Homophobia, psychological adjustment, and protective factors. Journal of Lesbian Studies. 12(4):455-471.

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Bos, H.M.W., Gartrell, N., Van Balen F., Peyser H., et al. (2008) Children in planned lesbian families: A cross-cultural comparison between the USA and the Netherlands. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 78(2):211-219.

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Gartrell, N., Rodas C., Deck A., et al. (2006) The USA national lesbian family study: 5. Interviews with mothers of ten-year-olds. Feminism & Psychology. 16(2):175-192.

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Gartrell, N., Deck A., Rodas C., et al. (2005) The national lesbian family study: 4. Interviews with the 10-year-old children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 75:518-524.

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Gartrell, N., Banks A., Reed N., Hamilton J., et al. (2000) The national lesbian family study: 3. Interviews with mothers of five-year-olds. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 70:542-548.

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Gartrell, N., Banks A., Hamilton J., et al. (1999) The national lesbian family study: 2. Interviews with mothers of toddlers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 69:362-369.

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Gartrell, N., Hamilton J., Banks A., et al. (1996) The national lesbian family study: 1. Interviews with prospective mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 66:272-281.

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Assink, B., & Bos, H. M. W. (2023). Gay Community Stress in Sexual Minority Men and Women: A Validation Study in the Netherlands, Journal of Homosexuality. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2023.2231119

 

De Lange, J., Van Bergen D., Bokser, R., & Bos, H. M. W. (2023). LHBT! Jongeren en Suïcidaliteit: Ontstaan en Hulpbehoeften [LGBTQ Youth and Suicidality: Origins and Help Needs], Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen, 101, 41-45. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12508-023-00395-w

 

Shenkman, G., Bos, H. M. W., d'Amore, S., & Carone, N. (2023). Mental Health Disparities between Lesbian and Heterosexual Parents: The Mediating Role of Positivity, Sexuality Research and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-023-00800-8

 

Shenkman, G., Carone, N., Mouton, B., D'Amore, S., & Bos, H. M.W. (2023). Assisted Conception Socialization Self-Efficacy, Parental Mental Health, and Child Externalizing Problems Among Israeli Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Parent Families, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32, 180-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02286-1

 

Carone, N. (2022). Family Alliance and Intergenerational Transmission of Coparenting in Gay and Heterosexual Single-Father Families through Surrogacy: Associations with Child Attachment Security, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7713.

 

Carone, N., Innocenzi, E., & Lingiardi, V. (2022). Peer Microaggressions and Social Skills among School-Age Children of Sexual Minority Parents through Assisted Reproduction: Moderation via the Child-Teacher Relationship, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(6), 1210–1229.

 

De Lange, J., Baams, L., Bos, H., Bosker, R., Dumon, E., Portzky, G., Robinson, J., & Van Bergen, D. (2022). Moderating Role of Coping in the Association between Minority Stress and Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts among Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults, Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 52 (6), 1178–1192. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12913

 

De Lange, J., Baams, L., Van Bergen, Bos, H. M. W., Bosker, R. J. (2022). Minority Stress and Suicidality among LGBT Adolescents and Young Adults: A Meta-Analysis, LGBT Health. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2021.0106

 

Koh, A.S. (2022) Neglected intrauterine device migration complications: Case reports, Women's Health Reports. https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2022.0099.

 

Mazrekaj, D., Fischer, M., & Bos, & H. M. W. (2022). Behavioral Outcomes of Children with Same-Sex Parents, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19 (10), 5922-5934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105922

 

Shenkman, G., Carone, N., D'Amore, S., Mouton, B., & Bos, H. M. W. (2022). The Desire for more Children among Israeli Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Couples who Became Parents through Assisted Reproduction, Journal of Family Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001024

 

Van der Vaart, L. R., Verveen, A., Bos, H. M. W., Van Rooij, F. B., & Steensma, T. D. (2022). Differences in Self-Perception and Social Gender Status in Children with Gender Incongruence, Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27 (4), 1077-1090. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045221099394

 

Ellis-Davies, K., Van Rijn-van Gelderen, L., Winstanley, A., Helmerhorst, K. O., Rubio, B., Vecho, O., Lamb, M. E., & Bos, H. M. (2022). Parental Sensitivity and Intrusiveness in Gay-, Lesbian-, and Heterosexual-parent Families with Infants Conceived Using Artificial Reproductive Techniques: Do Parents' Gender and Caregiver Role Matter? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 58, 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.09.002

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Assink, M., Rothblum, E.D., Wilson, B.D.M., Gartrell, N., & Bos, H.M.W. (2021) Mental Health of Lesbian, Bisexual, and Other-Identified Parents and Non-Parents from a Population-Based Study. Journal of Homosexuality. DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2021.1892401

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Carone, N., Barone, L., Lingiardi, V., Baiocco, R., & Brodzinsky, D. (2021). Factors associated with behavioral adjustment in children of gay and heterosexual single fathers through surrogacy during middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 57(4), 535–547. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001155

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Carone, N., Bos, H. M., Shenkman, G., & Tasker, F. (2021). LGBTQ Parents and their Children During the Family Life Cycle. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 345–348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643647

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Carone, N., Manzi, D., Barone, L., Lingiardi, V., Baiocco, R., & Bos, H. M. (2021). Gay Fathers Through Cross-border Surrogacy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Mental Health and Father-child Bonding. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 43 (4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.05.023

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Schrijvers, A., Kan, K.J., Van der Veen, F., Visser, M., Bos, H., Mochtar, M., & Van Rooij, F. (2021). Unmet Support Needs in Donor Sperm Treatment: Consequences for Parents and their Donor-children. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.12.009

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Van Rooij, F. B., Bos, H. M. W., Gerrits, T., Hiadzi, R. A., & Donkor, E. S. (2020). The Relationship between Stigmatisation and Quality of Life in Ghanaian Women and Men with Fertility Problems: Mediating Role of Coping Strategies. Facts, Views & Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 12(4), 257-2464.

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Carone N., Rothblum, E.D., Bos, H., Gartrell, N., Herman, J. (2020). Demographics and Health Outcomes in a U.S. Probability Sample of Transgender Parents. Journal of Family Psychology. http://dx.coi.org/10.1037/fam0000776

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Rothblum, E.D., Balsam, K.F., Riggle, E.D.B., Rostosky, S.S., & Wickham, R.E. (2020). Studying the Longest 'Legal' U.S. Same-Sex Couples: A Case of Lessons Learned. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 16:3, 259-276, DOI: 10.1080/1550428X.2019.1626787.

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Green, R.-J., Rubio, R.J., Rothblum, E.D., Bergman, K., & Katuzny, K.E. (2019). Gay fathers by surrogacy: Prejudice, parenting and well-being of female and male children. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(3), 269-283. doi:org/10.1037/sgd0000325.

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Bos, H.M.W., Kuyper, L., Gartrell, N.K. (2018) A Population-Based Comparison of Female and Male Same-Sex Parent and Different-Sex Parent Households. Family Process, 57(1), 148-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12278

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Bos, H.M.W., Knox, J.R., van Rijn-van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N.K. (2016) Same-Sex and Different-Sex Parent Households and Child Health Outcomes: Findings from the National Survey of Children's Health. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Volume 37, Issue 3, 1-9.

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Video

Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics is hosting a video abstract presentation by Dr. Nanette Gartrell on the paper "Same-Sex and Different-Sex Parent Households and Child Health Outcomes: Findings from the National Survey of Children's Health."

Visit site / watch video »

 

van Rijn-van Gelderen, L., Bos, H.M.W., & Gartrell, N. (2015) Dutch adolescents from lesbian-parent families: How do they compare to peers with heterosexual parents and what is the impact of homophobic stigmatization? Journal of Adolescence, 40, 65-73.

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Bos H., van Gelderen, L., & Gartrell, N. (2014) Lesbian and Heterosexual Two-Parent Families: Adolescent–Parent Relationship Quality and Adolescent Well-Being. Journal of Child and Family Studies. DOI: 10.1007/s10826-014-9913-8.

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Bos, H.M.W., Gartrell, N., Roeleveld J., & Ledoux G. (2013) Civic Competence of Dutch Children in Female Same-Sex Parent Families: A Comparison With Children of Opposite-Sex Parents. Youth & Society. DOI: 10.1177/0044118X13502366.

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Book Chapters

Goldberg A.E., & Gartrell, N. (2014). LGB-Parent Families: The Current State of the Research and Directions for the Future. In J. Benson (Ed)., Advances in Child Development and Behavior (46: 57-88). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Bos, H.M.W. (2013). Lesbian-mother families formed through donor insemination. In A.E. Goldberg, & K.R. Allen (Eds.), LGBT-Parent Families: Innovations in Research and Implications for Practice. New York, NY: Springer.

Gartrell, N., Peyser H., & Bos, H.M.W. (2012) Planned lesbian families: A review of the U.S.A. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study. In D.M. Brodzinsky & A. Pertman (Eds.), Adoption by Lesbians and Gay Men: A New Dimension in Family Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.